Paraformaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded kidneys were sectioned at 4.5 μm thickness and stained with 0.1% sirius red solution (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, United States; Ng et al., 2017 (link)). At least 10 non-overlapping bright field images at 20× magnification were analyzed for each animal using the Carl Zeiss Axio A1 microscope with an AxioCam MRc5 CCD camera (Oberkochen, Germany). Staining was quantified using ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD; Schneider et al., 2012 (link)) and presented as percentage of stained area within the analyzed image.
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