Substrates were immersed in 2 mg of dopamine.HCl per 1 mL of 10 mM Tris buffer (pH 8.5) typically overnight (12-18 h) and rinsed with water for further use. The polydopamine-coated substrates were transferred into trypsin solution (50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.8) for overnight reaction (12-18 h). Hydrolysis tests of polydopamine-coated silicon and NHS-modified glass (μsurfaces Inc. Minneapolis, MN) were performed in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) with 100 mM NaCl.