Petal were collected from R. chinensis ‘Old Blush’ and fixed in 1% (v/v) formaldehyde. ChIP assays were performed using anti-H3K9ac (Millipore, ref. 07-352) or anti-H3K27me3 (Millipore, ref. 07-449) antibodies according to a procedure adapted from Veluchamy et al61 (link). Library quality was assessed with Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent) and the libraries were subjected to high-throughput sequencing on Illumina NextSeq 500. After trimming, reads were aligned onto R. chinensis genome with bowtie262 (link) and a maximum mismatch of 1 bp and unique mapping reported. To determine the target regions of H3K9ac ChIP-seq, the Model-based Analysis of ChIP-seq (MACS2)63 (link) was used. Detection of H3K27me3 modification regions was performed using SICER64 (link). HOMER65 (link) was used to annotate H3K9ac peaks with nearby genes if peaks were located into -2k to +1kb window around the gene TSS. For H3K27me3 peaks, bedtools intersect 56 (link) was used and only genes that are overlapped with this specific modification were kept. Clustering of H3K9ac and H3K27me3 peaks was performed using SeqMINER66 (link). Rstudio, Circos67 (link) and NGSplot68 (link) were used for graphic representation of histone modifications.