Metabolic Response to Oral Glucose Challenge

MMTs were performed at baseline and at 18 months after a 10-hour overnight fast. Blood was sampled at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. Participants were asked to stop the use of metformin, when used, 24 hours before the study visit. Participants consumed a 250ml liquid drink (Fortisip; 18.4 g carbohydrate per 100 ml) over a period of 2–5 min. Plasma glucose (mmol/l) was determined using the enzymatic glucose hexokinase method (Konelab 20 XT Clinical Chemistry analyzer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vantaa, Finland). C-peptide (nmol/l) and plasma insulin (pmol/l) were determined using chemiluminometric immunoassay (Liaison Insulin and Liaison C-peptid, DiaSorin S.p.A, Saluggia, Italy). HbA_1c (mmol/mol) was measured by ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography on a TOSOH G8 analyser (Tosoh Bioscience, Inc, CA, USA). Triglycerides, total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were enzymatically assessed. More details on sample handling and biomarker determination are described elsewhere [6 (link)].