Cell lines HEK293T (ATCC), Hs578T (ATCC), and MDA-MB-231LN (Caliper LifeScience) were grown based on the manufacturer's recommendations. shRNAs and siRNAs against NEDD9, non-targeting control (ThermoFisher Scientific), and NEDD9-cDNA were prepared as previously described (7 (link)). mRFP-Rab5, and -Rab7 were purchased from Addgene (plasmid #14437, #14436) (60 (link)). Plasmids mCherry-MMP14 and PAmCherry-MMP14 were a gift from Dr.Chavrier (Institute Curie, France) and Dr.Machesky (The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Scotland) (24 (link)). Human TIMP2-cDNA (ThermoFisher Scientific) was sub-cloned into pcDNA3.1-3x-Flag plasmid (gift from Dr.Frisch, West Virginia University, USA).