The fractions were immunoblotted as described previously (Komatsu et al., 2001 (link)). The antibodies for Atg7 (Tanida et al., 1999 (link)) and Atg5 (Mizushima et al., 2001 (link)) were described previously. The antibodies for ubiquitin (DakoCytomation) and actin (MAB1501R; Chemicon International, Inc.) were purchased. The antibodies against LC3, GABARAP, and GATE-16 were raised in rabbits using their specific peptides as antigens. The antibodies against p112, Mss1, and α5 were provided by K.B. Hendil (August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark).