According to a previously described method (23 (link)), BALF was collected by flushing 1 ml ice-cold PBS back and forth three times through a tracheal cannula, and then centrifuged at 1,000 × g at 4°C for 10 min. The protein concentrations of IL-6 (cat. no. BMS603-2), IL-8 (cat. no. EMCXCL15), TNF-α (cat. no. BMS607-3), IL-17 (cat. no. BMS6001), IL-18 (cat. no. BMS618-3) and IL-1β (cat. no. EM2IL1B2) in the supernatant were measured using murine cytokine-specific ELISA kits (Invitrogen Life Technologies; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) in strict accordance with the manufacturer's protocol. The quantities of total protein (cat. no. ABIN996404), albumin (cat. no. ABIN2756308) and KGF (cat. no. ABIN2703018) in the BALF were measured as markers of epithelial permeability using ELISA kits (Antibodies-Online GmbH).