ZnO NPs (code XFI06; 20 nm) were purchased from Nanjing XFNANO Materials Tech Co., Ltd and have been thoroughly characterized as we reported elsewhere.12 (link) The X-ray diffractograms (XRD) indicated the hexagonal phase of NPs with an average size of 22.3 nm. The BET surface area was measured as 19.072 m2 g−1. The hydrodynamic size and zeta potential of 16 μg mL−1 XFI06 suspended in water were measured as 234.4 ± 3.5 nm and −15.5 ± 0.3 mV, respectively.
To make the suspension of ZnO NPs, 1.28 mg mL−1 NPs were suspended in MilliQ water containing 1 mg mL−1 BSA (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and sonicated twice for 8 min with continuous cooling on ice by an ultrasonic processor FS-250N (20% amplitude; Shanghai Shengxi, China). After sonication, the NPs were diluted as 40 μg mL−1, 160 μg mL−1 or 640 μg mL−1 in MilliQ water, 5% BSA or 2 mM PA–BSA. After incubated for 30 min, the NPs were diluted ten time in serum free medium to expose cells. Control cells were exposed to equal amount of vehicles in serum free medium.
To make the suspension of ZnO NPs, 1.28 mg mL−1 NPs were suspended in MilliQ water containing 1 mg mL−1 BSA (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and sonicated twice for 8 min with continuous cooling on ice by an ultrasonic processor FS-250N (20% amplitude; Shanghai Shengxi, China). After sonication, the NPs were diluted as 40 μg mL−1, 160 μg mL−1 or 640 μg mL−1 in MilliQ water, 5% BSA or 2 mM PA–BSA. After incubated for 30 min, the NPs were diluted ten time in serum free medium to expose cells. Control cells were exposed to equal amount of vehicles in serum free medium.
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