Exclusion Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders

In both studies, volunteers were excluded if they met lifetime DSM-V criteria for MDD with psychotic features, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder, or if they had manifested drug/alcohol use disorder of at least moderate severity within 6 months. Patients who had received vagal nerve stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, or deep brain stimulation were excluded from participation. Patients currently receiving stimulants, anticonvulsants, or mood stabilizers were excluded. Additionally, women who were pregnant or planning to become pregnant during screening were excluded.