Intravital microscopy was performed as previously described (Phillipson et al., 2009 (link)). Exposed cremasteric muscle was superfused with 1 µM fMLP and visualized with an intravital microscope (Axiolskip; ZEISS) connected to a video camera (5100 HS; Panasonic) using 25× (0.35 N, Fluotar; Leitz) and 40× (0.80 NA, Achroplan; ZEISS) objective lenses. The same five sections of single unbranched cremasteric venules (20–40 µm in diameter) were observed for a given experiment. Adhesion, crawling, and emigration were determined during video playback. Rolling flux and rolling velocity were determined concurrently with intravital analysis of cell adhesion, crawling, and emigration. Rolling leukocytes were defined as those cells moving at a velocity less than that of erythrocytes within a chosen vessel.