Newborn mice were killed and primary cortical neurons (CNs) were isolated and cultured as previously described.23 (link) pSuper vectors containing EFhd2 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and scrambled shRNA as well as the EFhd2-GFP vector have been described before.56 (link), 57 (link) The scrambled shRNA and the shRNA directed against EFhd2 were subcloned into pSuperNeoGFP (50) via HindIII and EcoRI restriction sites. After 7 days in culture, CNs were transfected with mRFP-ßActin together with shScramble, shEFhd2 or EFhd2-GFP using Lipofectamin 2000 (Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Pinneberg, Germany) and 48 h later fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature. Transfected CNs were analysed with a Zeiss Apotome 2 microscope (Zeiss, Jena, Germany). Data were quantified using NeuronJ (ImageJ, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).