All animal protocols were approved by the IACUC at Baylor College of Medicine. NOD female mice were purchased from Jackson Labs (Bar Harbor, ME) at 8 weeks of age and followed weekly with non-fasting blood glucose (One touch glucometer, LifeScan) and body weight measurements between 9–10AM on regular chow (2020x Teklad). If the blood glucose was greater than 250 mg/dl, it was retested the following day. Diabetes was defined as two consecutive blood glucose measurements >250 mg/dl. Diabetic mice were treated with HDAd vectors by tail vein injection within 48 hours after the diagnosis of diabetes. Glucose tolerance testing was performed, as described before17 (link), at 4 weeks after treatment in 6 hour fasted mice with an intra-peritoneal injection of 1.5 gm/kg body weight of D-glucose. Insulin was assayed using the Mercodia Ultrasensitive ELISA kits.