We collected the 403 cases of epistaxis diagnosed and treated by Tianjin Huanhu Hospital from January 2020 to January 2021, including 323 patients with primary nasal hemorrhage with complete clinical data and follow-up 6 months, and the control group was 182 healthy subjects from the same center during the same period.
All patients treated by Department of Otolaryngology of Tianjin Huanhu Hospital were screened out, with complete laboratory examination data, complete general clinical data and complete follow-up.
Septal hemorrhage can be treated with nasal packing in the emergency department, but non-septal hemorrhage, which needs endoscopic operation due to its deep location, according to different treatment methods, nasal hemorrhage was divided into nasal septum (196 cases) and non-nasal septum (127 cases). Nasal septum hemorrhage included the Little’s area, the posterior septum and the olfactory fissure area, and non-nasal septum hemorrhage included the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, the nasal roof and nasal floor. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013. The study was approved by ethics board of Tianjin Huanhu Hospital (No. 2023-001) and individual consent for this retrospective analysis was waived.
The risk factors included history of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, anticoagulant use, smoking and drinking, blood pressure, height and weight [body mass index (BMI)], and routine blood, coagulation, and biochemistry tests, and different seasons
Hypertension is characterized by an increase in systemic arterial blood pressure (systolic and/or diastolic) (systolic ≥140 mmHg, diastolic ≥90 mmHg), The normal range of serum cholesterol is 0–5.18 mmol/L, the normal range of triglycerides is 0.7–1.7 mmol/L, the normal range of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is 1.16–1.42 mmol/L, the normal range of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is 0–4.47 mmol/L, and the normal range of apolipoprotein A1 is 1.2–1.8 mmol/L. Apolipoprotein B normal range 0.6 to 1.14 mmol/L. Normal BMI range: 18.5 to 23.9 kg/m2.
As for the seasons, March, April, and May are spring, June, July, and August are summer, September, October, and November are autumn, and December, January, and February are winter.
All patients treated by Department of Otolaryngology of Tianjin Huanhu Hospital were screened out, with complete laboratory examination data, complete general clinical data and complete follow-up.
Septal hemorrhage can be treated with nasal packing in the emergency department, but non-septal hemorrhage, which needs endoscopic operation due to its deep location, according to different treatment methods, nasal hemorrhage was divided into nasal septum (196 cases) and non-nasal septum (127 cases). Nasal septum hemorrhage included the Little’s area, the posterior septum and the olfactory fissure area, and non-nasal septum hemorrhage included the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, the nasal roof and nasal floor. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013. The study was approved by ethics board of Tianjin Huanhu Hospital (No. 2023-001) and individual consent for this retrospective analysis was waived.
The risk factors included history of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, anticoagulant use, smoking and drinking, blood pressure, height and weight [body mass index (BMI)], and routine blood, coagulation, and biochemistry tests, and different seasons
Hypertension is characterized by an increase in systemic arterial blood pressure (systolic and/or diastolic) (systolic ≥140 mmHg, diastolic ≥90 mmHg), The normal range of serum cholesterol is 0–5.18 mmol/L, the normal range of triglycerides is 0.7–1.7 mmol/L, the normal range of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is 1.16–1.42 mmol/L, the normal range of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is 0–4.47 mmol/L, and the normal range of apolipoprotein A1 is 1.2–1.8 mmol/L. Apolipoprotein B normal range 0.6 to 1.14 mmol/L. Normal BMI range: 18.5 to 23.9 kg/m2.
As for the seasons, March, April, and May are spring, June, July, and August are summer, September, October, and November are autumn, and December, January, and February are winter.
