Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed by broth microdilution method as our previously described (Liu et al., 2021b (link)). Briefly, 0.5 McFarland inoculum suspensions were diluted 1:100 to a final inoculum density of 106 CFU/ml. Ampicillin (AMP), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefotaxime (CTX), aztreonam (AZM), tetracycline (TET), doxycycline (DOX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), gentamicin (GEN), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), fosfomycin (FOS), florfenicol (FFC), colistin (COL), and meropenem (MEM) (Solarbio, Beijing, China) were selected to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of MNPECs. The MICs were recorded as the lowest concentrations of antimicrobials in the wells, where no visible bacteria growth was observed. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was used as standard reference strains.
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