RNA from hearts or NRVMs was extracted with Trizol reagent (Invitrogen), cDNA synthesis utilized the SuperScript first-strand synthesis system (Bio-Rad), and quantity of cDNA for each transcript was measured using real-time PCR with the SYBER green supermix (Bio-Rad), and the primer sequences of PCR for α-MHC, β-MHC, Foxo1, and cyclophilin as previously described9 (link), 15 (link).