Organoids were prepared using published protocols 42 (link). Briefly, fragments of small intestine were transferred into crypt isolation buffer (2mM EDTA in PBS) under gentle agitation at 4° for 30 min. The released crypts were resuspended in Matrigel™ (BD) (300-500 crypts/50ml) and cultured in Advanced DMEM/F12 + GlutaMAX™ (Life Technologies) supplemented with 10mM Hepes (Sigma-Aldrich), 1% PEST (Sigma-Aldrich), 1% N2 supplement (Life Technologies), 2% B27 supplement (Life Technologies), murine recombinant epidermal growth factor (50ng/ml), murine recombinant Noggin (100ng/ml) (PeproTech EC Ltd., London, UK) and human recombinant R-spondin1 (1μg/ml) (R&D). Well-differentiated crypt organoids were split into 30 organoids/50μl Matrigel™/well and used for subsequent experiments.