Maintenance of Toxoplasma gondii Parasites

Parasites were maintained in mice as previously described [8 (link),27 (link)–29 (link)]. Briefly, female BALB/c mice purchased from KOATECH (Pyeongtaek, South Korea) were used, where RH and ME49 were maintained via serial intraperitoneal and oral passage, respectively [29 (link)]. Recombinant baculovirus (rBV) and virus-like particles (VLPs) were produced using Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells, which were cultured in spinner flasks at 27°C, 130–140 rpm with SF900 II medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Polyclonal T. gondii antibodies were acquired from sera of T. gondii (ME49)-infected mice. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies and monoclonal mouse anti-M1 antibody wae purchased from Southern Biotech (Birmingham, AL, USA) and Abcam (Cambridge, UK), respectively.