The in vivo cardiac function and the heart rate were assessed by transthoracic echocardiography (EUB-7500, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) in conscious mice as described previously [9 (link),14 (link)]. Blood pressure data were obtained from the average of three-time measurements by the tail cuff method (MK-2000ST, Muromachi Kikai, Tokyo, Japan) [26 (link),30 (link)].
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