After washing the PBMCs in FACS buffer (phosphate-buffered saline, 1% fetal bovine serum, and 0.5 mmol/l ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), the following antibodies were used for flow cytometry: VioBlue-conjugated anti-human CD4 (clone VIT4; Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany), FITC-conjugated anti-human CD8 (clone RPA-T8; BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany) and CD25 (clone B1.49.9; Beckman Coulter, Marseille, France), APC-conjugated anti-human PD-1 (clone EH12.2H7; Biolegend, San Diego, CA) and CD45RA (clone HI100; Biolegend), and PE-conjugated anti-human Tim-3 (clone F38-2E2; Biolegend). After staining, the cells were washed in FACS buffer and analyzed using a MACSQuant flow cytometer with MACSQuantify software (Miltenyi Biotec). In this study, the percentages of PD-1+ and Tim-3+ T cells were calculated as percentages of the total CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Tregs were identified as CD4+ CD45RA- CD25high cells [26 (link)] and were calculated as a percentage of the CD4+ lymphocytes. MDSCs were identified as CD11b + CD33+ cells [27 (link)] and were calculated as a percentage of the total PBMCs.
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