Retinas were collected as described previously.38 (link) Equal amounts of protein from cell lysates or retinal homogenates were combined with Laemmli buffer, boiled for 5 min, and fractionated using a 4-20% Criterion TGX Precast gel (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Proteins were transferred to a polyvinylidene fluorine membrane, blocked using 5% milk in Tris-buffered saline Tween 20, and incubated with antibodies (Supplementary Table S1). The concentration of IL-1β was determined in the retina whole cell lysates or in culture medium using the DuoSet mouse (DY401-05) and human (DY201-05) IL-1β/IL-1F2 ELISA kits (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), respectively.