The Centers for Disease Control followed inclusion guidelines in this study (Horan et al., 2008 (link)). The isolates were obtained from individuals of varying ages and genders and were not duplicated; just one sample per patient was collected. In this regard, 30 S. aureus isolates were obtained from the wound (n = 8), blood (n = 11), urine (n = 6), as well as sputum (n = 5) and further characterized and confirmed using biochemical tests like colony morphology, gram-positive, clustered-shaped cocci, catalase, mannitol, DNase, and coagulase (Murray et al., 1995 ). In addition, 20 clinical P. aeruginosa were collected from respiratory tracts retrieved from sputum (n = 6), bronchoalveolar lavage (8), and endotracheal aspirates (n = 6) patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) wards and then confirmed on selective media via conventional phenotypical tests such as colony morphology, oxidase, catalase, motility, citrate, indole synthesis, methyl red, and voges-proskauer. Finally, molecular confirmation of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa isolates was done by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) via previously described primers (Atshan et al., 2012 (link); Abdelraheem et al., 2020 (link)). Besides, S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 29213, and P. aeruginosa PAO1 were provided by the Pasteur Institute of Iran.
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