Age, sex, co-morbidities including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, heart failure, prior stroke, prior myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cancer, CHA2DS2-VASc score, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and concomitant use of antiplatelet agents were evaluated as covariates. The operational definitions of co-morbidities were based on diagnostic codes, drug dispensing records, and inpatient/outpatient hospital visits within 3 years prior to the index date. Complete definitions of each covariate are presented in Supplementary Tables S1 and S2 (5 (link), 15 (link), 16 (link)).
Among the total study population, 67.4% of patients had the data from the baseline national health examination, and 23.4% had the data from both baseline and at least one follow-up national health examination. From the health examination data, body weight, body mass index (kg/m2), serum creatinine (mg/dL) and eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) were collected. eGFR was calculated by a creatinine-based equation used from Modification of Diet in Renal Disease. In addition, smoking status (never smoker, ex-smoker, or current smoker), alcohol consumption (heavy drinker, ≥ 30 g/day), and physical activity were also evaluated from the self-reported questionnaires of health examination. Regular exercise was defined as performing moderate-intensity exercise ≥ 5 times per week or vigorous-intensity exercise ≥ 3 times per week (17 (link)).
Among the total study population, 67.4% of patients had the data from the baseline national health examination, and 23.4% had the data from both baseline and at least one follow-up national health examination. From the health examination data, body weight, body mass index (kg/m2), serum creatinine (mg/dL) and eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) were collected. eGFR was calculated by a creatinine-based equation used from Modification of Diet in Renal Disease. In addition, smoking status (never smoker, ex-smoker, or current smoker), alcohol consumption (heavy drinker, ≥ 30 g/day), and physical activity were also evaluated from the self-reported questionnaires of health examination. Regular exercise was defined as performing moderate-intensity exercise ≥ 5 times per week or vigorous-intensity exercise ≥ 3 times per week (17 (link)).
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