Random blood glucose concentration was measured using the AlphaTrak blood glucose monitoring system (Abbott laboratories, Chicago, IL). Mice were considered diabetic once tail vein blood glucose readings of ≥ 250 mg/dL were obtained on two consecutive days. Glucose tolerance test was performed on mice every two weeks, as described previously[24 (link)]. Briefly, following overnight fasting, each mouse received 2g/ Kg body weight of glucose via intraperitoneal injection, and their blood glucose was monitored at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post-injection.