Bone marrow–derived macrophages were prepared as described previously (21 (link)). Cells were stimulated with LPS (500 ng/mL; InvivoGen), Pam3CSK4 (1 μg/mL), gardiquimod (1 μg/mL; InvivoGen), Poly(I:C) (10 μg/mL; InvivoGen), or IFNβ (400 U/mL; PBL Assay Science). For transfection of DNA or 2´3´-cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), 0.25 μg of poly(dA:dT) (InvivoGen) or 1 μg of 2´3´-cGAMP (InvivoGen) was mixed with 0.3 mL of Xfect polymer in Xfect reaction buffer (Clontech Laboratories) for 10 min and then added to BMDMs in Opti-MEM (ThermoFisher Scientific).