We purchased dorsomorphin (Compound C, 6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)phenyl]-3-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine) from EMD Biosciences. We synthesized LDN-193189 (4-[6-(4-piperazin-1-ylphenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]quinoline) as previously described6 (link), determined its purity (99.8%) by HPLC and confirmed its structure by 1H-NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The vehicle was 2% (wt/vol) (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin in PBS, pH 7.4. We purchased dexamethasone from Sigma. Recombinant human BMP4, platelet-derived growth factor-BB and TGF-β were obtained from R&D Systems. We produced adenoviruses expressing GFP and Cre and quantified them by the plaque-titer method.