Western blot of whole protein lysates or nuclear proteins from frozen tumor tissues or cells was performed as previously described (24 (link)). Antibodies for cleaved caspase 3 (Asp175) (5A1E), cleaved PARP (Asp214) (D64E10), cyclin D1 (92G2), β-catenin (6B3), active β-catenin (D13A1), TCF4 (C48H11), axin 1 (C95H11), tubulin (DM1A) and GAPDH (D16H11) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. Other antibodies included lamin B1 (ab16048, Abcam), COP1 (ab56400, Abcam), tankyrase1/2 (H-350, Santa Cruz), and active β-catenin (Clone 8E7, Millipore). ImageJ software was used to measure the relative density for signaling expression.