The human colonic adenoma cell line, Caco-2, was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and cultured in RPMI-1640 (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 100 U/ml streptomycin/penicillin (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and 1% HEPES (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37°C under 5% CO2. F. nucleatum (ATCC 25586) and L. rhamnosus (ATCC 11982) were purchased from ATCC and cultured by the Wuhan Research Institute of First Light Industry (Wuhan, China). The methods of bacterial pellets and conditioned medium were as previously described (19 (link)). Caco-2 cells were treated with the supernatant of F. nucleatum and/or L. rhamnosus to examine the effects of F. nucleatum and L. rhamnosus (20 (link),21 (link)). 3-MA (5 mM) and CQ (10 µM) treatment for 2 h was used to inhibit the autophagic flux.