At recruitment, maternal age, ethnicity, highest educational attainment, household income, and self-reported pre-pregnancy weight were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires. At the 26-28 week antenatal visit, maternal height (SECA213 Stadiometer, SECA Corp, Hamburg, Germany) and venous fasting plasma glucose [Advia 2400 Chemistry system (Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics, Deerfield, IL, USA) and Beckman LX20 Pro analyser (Beckman Coulter, USA)] were measured. Tobacco exposure was assessed through plasma cotinine and interviewer-administered questionnaires 23 (link). Total gestational weight gain was calculated from pre-pregnancy weight and last measured antenatal weight. Gestational age was calculated from the first trimester ultrasound scan. Infant sex and maternal hypertensive disorders (including chronic hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and pre-eclampsia) were obtained from medical records. In a subset of neonates (N=160) whose parents consented, neonatal abdominal adiposity, namely the subcutaneous adipose tissue, superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue, deep subcutaneous adipose tissue, and intraabdominal adipose tissue volumes were measured by magnetic resonance imaging using a GE Signa HDxt 1.5T magnetic resonance scanner (GE Healthcare) within 2 weeks from delivery.