This bioassay has been described elsewhere (13 (link)). In brief, HeLa cells were incubated with DMEM/10%FBS medium (negative control), 1 KU/ well recombinant IFN-α (positive control) (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 50% SLE sera (by volume), or 50% control sera for 6 hours. RNA was extracted using RNeasy (Qiagen, Venlo, Netherlands) and reverse transcribed to cDNA (Invitrogen). Real-time PCR was performed an ABI PRISM 7900HT (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) using 2x SYBR Green supermix (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA), in triplicate, to quantify five type I IFN-inducible genes (IFIG) - myxovirus resistance-1 (MX1), double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PRKR), IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT1), IFN-induced protein-44 (IFI44), and IFN-induced protein 44-like (C1orf-29) – and the housekeeping gene hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1). Primers were obtained from Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, IA). Results were averaged, normalized to the housekeeping gene, and plotted as fold-induction against 25 age- and gender-matched HC.