A Visco-88 viscometer (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK) was utilised for viscosity, torque, shear stress, and shear rate measurements [56 (link)]. The Zeta potential was determent using a 3000HS Zetasizer (Malvern, UK). Surface tension was measured by a tensiometer (Sigma 703) [57 (link)]. All measurements were executed at room temperature.
Free full text: Click here