F-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate (8 Ω per square) was purchased from Suzhou Shangyang Solar Energy Technology Co. Ltd. Formamidine hydroiodate (FAI), methyl ammonium iodide (MAI), cesium iodide (CsI), methyl ammonium chloride (MACl), and 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD) were purchased from Liaoning Optimum New Energy Technology Co. Ltd. Lead iodide (PbI2), lead bromide (PbBr2), and isopropanol (IPA) were purchased from TCI. Phenethylmethoxy iodide (PEAI), bistrifluoromethanesulfonimide lithium salt (Li-TFSI), 4-tert-butylpyridine (t-BP), and tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine)-cobalt(III)-tris(bis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) (FK-209) were purchased from Xi’an Yuri Solar Co. Ltd. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetonitrile (ACN), and chlorobenzene (CB) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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