The references were selected for review inclusion based on the following criteria:
• Any design of quantitative intervention studies with a focus on imagining movements.
• Studies that included healthy volunteers, students, children, professionals, athletes or patients from any discipline.
• Study intervention that focused on motor skill, performance or strength improvement.
The following exclusion criteria were used:
• Mental practice not related to movements (audition, odour, any kind of visual imagery with static pictures).
• Mental practice based on a computer-animated technique (virtual reality).
• Mental practice used during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session.
• Mental practice carried out during hypnosis or psychotherapy (guided imagery, eidetic imagery).
• Mental practice used as mental rotation or diagnostic tool.
• Suggested frameworks without participant evidence or experience.
• Publication language other than English or German.
• Any design of quantitative intervention studies with a focus on imagining movements.
• Studies that included healthy volunteers, students, children, professionals, athletes or patients from any discipline.
• Study intervention that focused on motor skill, performance or strength improvement.
The following exclusion criteria were used:
• Mental practice not related to movements (audition, odour, any kind of visual imagery with static pictures).
• Mental practice based on a computer-animated technique (virtual reality).
• Mental practice used during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session.
• Mental practice carried out during hypnosis or psychotherapy (guided imagery, eidetic imagery).
• Mental practice used as mental rotation or diagnostic tool.
• Suggested frameworks without participant evidence or experience.
• Publication language other than English or German.
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