Brain tissues were homogenized in RIPA lysis buffer (Boston Bioproducts, Ashland, MA) containing protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Western blot analysis was performed as we have described previously [39 (link)]. Briefly, 30 μg of total protein was separated by SDS-PAGE and probed with respective antibodies, 1:1000 for phospho/total AKT, phospho/total ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA) followed by incubation with secondary antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase for 1 hour. Signals were developed with chemi-luminescence using a super signal ECL kit (ThermoFisher Scientific, Madison WI). Total AKT and ERK1/2 were used as loading controls. Images were obtained using an Odyssey imaging system (LI-COR Biotechnology, Lincoln, NE).