Difructose anhydride III was donated by Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Obihiro, Japan. We prepared a mixture of short fatty acids-acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, 2-methylhexanelic acid, and enanthic acid (Sigma Aldrich, Tokyo, Japan ) to measure SCFAs in the serum samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) according to previous reports on the concentrations of SCFAs in serum samples or rumen fluids of cattle [9 (link), 23 (link), 24 (link)].
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