Migratory ability was assessed by a wound healing assay as described previously (Zhao et al, 2012 (link)). Cells were seeded into a 6-well plate and allowed to grow to 90–100% confluence in DMEM, and the cell monolayers were then wounded by a 200 μl pipette tip. The wounded monolayers were washed four times with phosphate-buffered saline and incubated in serum-deprived DMEM with or without dimethyl-α-ketoglutarate (α-KG; Sigma Aldrich) for the indicated times (Csibi et al, 2013 (link)). Distances covered by migrated cells were quantified.