Seven conserved housekeeping genes—gapA, infB, mdh, pgi, phoE, rpoB, and tonB—were used to perform MLST (http://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/klebsiella/klebsiella.html). Clonal relatedness among CAZ/AVI-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates was established using XbaI - PFGE (TaKaRa). DNA fragments were separated with a CHEF DR III apparatus (Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA, USA). The molecular marker was Salmonella serotype Braenderup strain H9812. The isolates sharing >80% similarity were defined as the same PFGE cluster.22 (link)