Isolated mouse retina or confluent human fetal RPE cells were changed into pre-warmed Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRB) containing, depending on the experiment, [1,2] 13C glucose, U-13C glucose, or U-13C lactate (Sigma) as described elsewhere (Du et al., 2013a (link); Du et al., 2015 (link); Du et al., 2016b (link)). Both retinas and RPE cells were incubated for the specified time points. Metabolites from each time point were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS, Agilent 7890/5975C) as described in detail (Du et al., 2013a (link); Du et al., 2013b (link)).
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