Whole cell lysates or nuclear proteins extracted using a nuclear extraction kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) were prepared as detailed previously [30 (link)]. Proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The following primary antibodies were used for immunoblot analysis: α-SMA (ab5694), FOXM1 (ab180710), SOX9 (ab5535) from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA); gankyrin (12985S), Lamin B1 (13435S), phospho-AKT (9271S), PTEN (9188S) from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA); AKT (07-416) from Millipore (Burlington, MA); β-Actin (sc-1615), CK-7 (sc-70936), CK-19 (sc-33119), HNF4α (sc-6556), YAP (sc-101199) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Membranes were blotted with primary antibody overnight at 4°C at a dilution of 1:1000 for all primary antibodies. Horseradish peroxidase–conjugated secondary antibodies for rabbit (HAF008; 1:3000) and goat (SC-2020; 1:3000) were obtained from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN) and Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA), respectively. Proteins were visualized with enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (ECL/ECL Plus, Amersham GE) and Kodak X-OMAT film.
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