Withaferin A Attenuates NAFLD Progression

Withaferin A was purchased from Xenon Biosciences (India), and the chow diet was procured from Adita Biosys Pvt Ltd. The high-fat diet was procured from VRK Nutritional Solutions, India. Glucose and fructose were procured from Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. Commonly used liver function test enzymes, like aspartate transaminases or aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase or alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lipid molecules like total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) kits were purchased from Agape Diagnostics Ltd. TRIzol reagent, sodium palmitate, oleate and Oil Red O stain solution were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, United States. cDNA synthesis and SYBR green kits were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. A TGF-β1 ELISA kit was purchased from Krishgen Biosystems. HepG2 and Huh7 cells were purchased from NCCS Pune, India. The cell culture media Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEM), Ham DMEM/F-12, 1:1 mixture, bovine serum albumin, and hematoxylin were purchased from HiMedia, India. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibiotics like penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from Gibco. 25-Hydroxycholesterol was a gift provided by Dr. Perumal Madan Kumar, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid were a gift from Dr. Ramprasad Talahalli, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru.