Mitochondrial fractions were prepared from cultured cells as we previously described [72 (link)]. Mitochondrial respiration assays using freshly isolated mitochondria were performed by measuring O2 consumption in a 2-channel respirometer (Oxygraph-2k with DatLab software; Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria) as we previously described [10 (link), 11 (link), 15 (link), 72 (link)]. Glucose uptake experiments were carried out as previously described [10 (link), 11 (link)] using 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG; Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY; catalog # N13195). Lactate accumulation in the culture medium was determined using a fluorescence-based L-lactate assay kit from Cayman (Ann Arbor, MI) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Mitochondrial complex activities were determined, with results normalized to citrate synthase activity, as previously described [10 (link), 55 (link), 73 (link)].
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