Western blot assay was performed using whole cell lysates from either liver tissue or hepatocytes, or media as previously described (4 (link)). Membranes were incubated overnight using the following antibodies: HMGB1 (Abcam) and β-actin (Sigma); phospho-p38, p38, phospho-JNK, JNK, ERK, phospho-ERK, p65, phospho-p65, PARP-1, acetyl-histone H3, acetyl-histone H4, and phospho-histone H2A.X (Cell Signaling); PAR (BD bioscience).