Tumor Generation and Liver Inflammation in Mice

For tumor generation, oncogenic plasmids and sleeping beauty transposase (ratio of 10:1) were diluted in 2mL saline (0.9% NaCl), and injected into the tail vein of 6 – 8 week-old FVB/n female mice (NCI-Frederick, MD) in 5 – 7 seconds(30 (link)). For AKT-CAT tumors, plasmids encoding for activated AKT1 (myristoilated-AKT1) and β-catenin (truncated Δ90N-β-catenin) were used(7 (link)). For AKT-NRAS^G12V tumors, AKT1 and N-Ras^G12V plasmids were used(30 (link)). For chronic liver inflammation, mice received a diet containing 0.1% DDC (Bio-Serv, Flemington, NJ) or were treated intraperitoneally twice a week with carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄; Sigma) diluted 1:10 in mineral oil (Sigma) at 5μl/g body weight. Mice were kept in accordance with the animal regulations at the NCI/NIH (Bethesda, MD).