Freshly collected urine was immediately mixed with 0.5 mol/L EDTA, pH 8.0, to a final concentration of 10 mmol/L EDTA and stored at − 20 °C. Total urine DNA was isolated by adding an equal volume of 6 mol/L guanidine thiocyanate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) to thawed urine as described previously [17 (link)]. The fractionated high molecular weight (HMW) urine DNA (> 1 kb) and low molecular weight (LMW) urine DNA (≤1 kb) was obtained from total urine DNA using carboxylated magnetic beads (Agentcourt Bioscience Corporation, Beverly, MA), as previously described [22 (link)].
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