Brains were rapidly isolated from HIV-1 Tg and litter mate control animals. The cerebellum was removed. After extraction, brains were immediately rinsed with ice-cold PBS to remove blood. The meninges were removed. Tissue was chopped and homogenized using a Dounce homogenizer. Synaptic mitochondria were isolated using a synaptosomal mitochondria preparation as previously performed [30 (link)–32 (link)]. Mitochondria for mass spectrometry were lysed in 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and protein concentration was quantified using a using a Pierce 660 assay with bovine serum albumin standards (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL). Mitochondria for functional analysis were placed in a MAS buffer and treated according to manufacturers’ protocols for the experiments.