Calvarial osteoblasts or U2OS cells were plated at a density of 50% in 12-well plates in replicates of 6. As indicated, cells were transfected with 250 ng of the TOP FLASH reporter and/or various expression vectors (empty pcDNA4.0, Flag-tagged TIEG1, Flag-tagged Lef1, constitutively active β-catenin or Xpress-tagged TIEG1 domain expression constructs (35 (link))) using Fugene-6 (Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA) as specified by the manufacturer. Empty vector was added to transfections as necessary to normalize the total amount of DNA transfected across each condition. Twenty four hours following transfection, cells were lysed in passive lysis buffer (Promega, Madison, WI), lysates were quantitated for protein content and equal amounts of protein were used to measure luciferase activity using Luciferase Assay Reagent (Promega) and a Glomax-Dual luminometer (Promega).