For viral antigen staining, a Roche Optiview DAB IHC kit, in combination with an anti-SARS-CoV-2-nucleoprotein (clone E16C; ThermoFisher), was used in a Ventana Benchmark Ultra immunostainer (Roche, Basel Switzerland), as previously described [7 (link)]. In brief, antigen retrieval took place with cell conditioning 1 (CC1, Ventana Medical Systems) (pH 8.5) for 24 min at 100 °C, 1/5.000 diluted. Thereafter, incubation took place with the primary antibody for 48 min at 36 °C, followed by standard Optiview detection/visualization with DAB and Copper.
After immunohistochemical staining, the sections were dehydrated and mounted with TissueTek® coverslipping film (Sakura Finetek Europe B.V., The Netherlands). Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used for general morphology. Cells were counted in a blind manner. As a positive control, a lung section of a deceased COVID-patient was included (Figure S1 ).
After immunohistochemical staining, the sections were dehydrated and mounted with TissueTek® coverslipping film (Sakura Finetek Europe B.V., The Netherlands). Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used for general morphology. Cells were counted in a blind manner. As a positive control, a lung section of a deceased COVID-patient was included (
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