To differentiate the THP-1 cells into macrophages, they were stimulated by 20 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; Fujifilm Wako) for 72 h, as reported previously [44 (link)]. Differentiation was confirmed by the adherence of the cells to the bottom of dishes or culture plates. Galunisertib was purchased from MedChemExpress (Middlesex, NJ, USA).
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