Tilapia hindgut samples were sent to Guangzhou Genedenovo Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). Intestinal microbiota total DNA was extracted by using the HiPure Soil DNA Extraction Kit (Magen, Guangzhou China). After quality testing using an ultraviolet (UV)-spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, United States). Subsequently, the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene fragment was amplified using universal primers, and the procedure was referred to Liu et al. (43 (link)).
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