The detailed procedure for TACE at our institution has been described previously [18 (link),19 (link)]. RT was performed for either curative or palliative aims according to the guidelines of the Korean Liver Cancer Association [20 (link),21 (link)] and applied after the general condition recovery of patients with a stabilized liver enzyme found in blood chemistry evaluation. All patients were educated on respiratory control. Respiratory gating or the breath-hold technique was utilized according to the radiation oncologist’s discretion. The gross tumor volume (GTV) included viable tumor areas, tumor areas filled by lipiodol, and tumor areas showing tissue necrosis after TACE. The internal target volume (ITV) was delineated based on the tumor movement during individual respiratory phases, and the planning target volume (PTV) was defined as the ITV with a 5-mm margin. RT doses were prescribed according to the physicians’ discretion to maximize the dose delivered to the tumor while satisfying the dose constraints for normal organs, such as the remnant liver and gastrointestinal tract.
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