Cyclic-di-GMP and its analogs were chemically synthesized as described previously (Hayakawa et al., 2003 ; Hyodo et al., 2006 ;). Cyclic-di-GMP analogs used in this study were cyclic bis(3′–5′)guanylic/adenylic acid (cyclic-GpAp or c-GpAp), cyclic bis(3′–5′)guanylic/inosinic acid (cyclic-GpIp or c-GpIp) and monophosphorothioic acid of cyclic-di-GMP (cyclic-GpGps or c-GpGps) (Hyodo et al., 2006 ). The structures of these compounds are shown in Fig. 1. These compounds were dissolved in 0.85% NaCl for use.
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